![]() ![]() "The Quadratic Function and Its Reciprocal." Ch. 16 in AnĪtlas of Functions. ![]() Cambridge, England:Ĭambridge University Press, pp. 178-180, 1992. Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. "Quadratic and Cubic Equations." §5.6 in Numerical Oxford,Įngland: Oxford University Press, pp. 91-92, 1996. Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods, 2nd ed. "Quadratic Equations."Īnd Polynomial Inequalities. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. Viète was among the first to replace geometric methods of solution with analytic ones, although he apparently did not grasp the idea of a general quadratic equation (Smith 1953, pp. 449-450).Īn alternate form of the quadratic equation is given by dividing (◇) through by : The Persian mathematiciansĪl-Khwārizmī (ca. 1025) gave the positive root of the quadratic formula, as statedīy Bhāskara (ca. 850) had substantially the modern rule for the positive root of a quadratic. Of the quadratic equations with both solutions (Smith 1951, p. 159 Smithġ953, p. 444), while Brahmagupta (ca. (475 or 476-550) gave a rule for the sum of a geometric series that shows knowledge The method of solution (Smith 1953, p. 444). Solutions of the equation, but even should this be the case, there is no record of It is possible that certain altar constructions dating from ca. 210-290) solved the quadratic equation, but giving only one root, even whenīoth roots were positive (Smith 1951, p. 134).Ī number of Indian mathematicians gave rules equivalent to the quadratic formula. In his work Arithmetica, the Greek mathematician Diophantus The Greeks were able to solve the quadratic equation by geometric methods, and Euclid's (ca. This includes elimination, substitution, the quadratic formula, Cramer's rule and many more.(Smith 1953, p. 443). As a result, Wolfram|Alpha also has separate algorithms to show algebraic operations step by step using classic techniques that are easy for humans to recognize and follow. These methods are carefully designed and chosen to enable Wolfram|Alpha to solve the greatest variety of problems while also minimizing computation time.Īlthough such methods are useful for direct solutions, it is also important for the system to understand how a human would solve the same problem. Other operations rely on theorems and algorithms from number theory, abstract algebra and other advanced fields to compute results. In some cases, linear algebra methods such as Gaussian elimination are used, with optimizations to increase speed and reliability. How Wolfram|Alpha solves equationsįor equation solving, Wolfram|Alpha calls the Wolfram Language's Solve and Reduce functions, which contain a broad range of methods for all kinds of algebra, from basic linear and quadratic equations to multivariate nonlinear systems. Similar remarks hold for working with systems of inequalities: the linear case can be handled using methods covered in linear algebra courses, whereas higher-degree polynomial systems typically require more sophisticated computational tools. More advanced methods are needed to find roots of simultaneous systems of nonlinear equations. This too is typically encountered in secondary or college math curricula. Systems of linear equations are often solved using Gaussian elimination or related methods. These use methods from complex analysis as well as sophisticated numerical algorithms, and indeed, this is an area of ongoing research and development. There are more advanced formulas for expressing roots of cubic and quartic polynomials, and also a number of numeric methods for approximating roots of arbitrary polynomials. One also learns how to find roots of all quadratic polynomials, using square roots (arising from the discriminant) when necessary. One learns about the "factor theorem," typically in a second course on algebra, as a way to find all roots that are rational numbers. This polynomial is considered to have two roots, both equal to 3. ![]() To understand what is meant by multiplicity, take, for example. If has degree, then it is well known that there are roots, once one takes into account multiplicity. The largest exponent of appearing in is called the degree of. Partial Fraction Decomposition CalculatorĪbout solving equations A value is said to be a root of a polynomial if. ![]() Get immediate feedback and guidance with step-by-step solutions and Wolfram Problem Generator Here are some examples illustrating how to formulate queries. To avoid ambiguous queries, make sure to use parentheses where necessary. It also factors polynomials, plots polynomial solution sets and inequalities and more.Įnter your queries using plain English. Wolfram|Alpha is a great tool for finding polynomial roots and solving systems of equations. ![]()
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